western leaders perspective on the white man's burden

The War Prayer begins with a preacher praising the nations just and holy war, and leading his congregation in praying for victory. A Red-Letter Day. Uncle Sam breaks up a fight between students identified as Cuban Ex-Patriot and Guerilla in his New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The famous white-haired general, Mximo Gmez, a master of insurgency tactics in the Cuban Independence War (18951898) reads a book with his name on it. A pair of 1898 graphics offer before and after snapshots related to two major events. Imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, in the distance, probably France are borne on the backs of subjugated people in the Philippines, India, and Africa. Vol 172 (February 1901). The laudatory rhetoric and imagery of a white mans burden and civilizing mission received a sharp rejoinder in a cartoon published byLifein April, 1901 under the title March of the Strenuous Civilization. In this sardonic rendering of the realities of imperialist expansion, a missionary leads the charge holding a Missionary Ledger. Immediately behind him march a sword-brandishing sailor carrying loot and a rifle-bearing soldier carrying booty. Science comes next, clutching lyddite, a high explosive first used by the British in the Boer War. Anti-imperialist protesters were often feminized as weak nervous Nellies and, in a play on words, as aunties. Antiwar graphics, on the other hand, informed the public about the darker side of imperial campaigns. Several of these graphics fromPuckcommented on Americas problems at home while accusing others of being barbarians. The Presidents Speech. William Bengough,Life, May 24, 1900. We are making such material available to our readers under the provisions of "fair use" in an effort to advance a better understanding of political, economic and social issues. From 1899 to 1902, the U.S. and Great Britain each became mired in colonial wars that were more vicious and long-lasting than expected. White people who out of the goodness of their hearts decide to volunteer to do charity work for minority communities or 3rd world countries, or even Western organizations who do charity work are accused of being white saviors by the Left. In the centerfold of the August 16, 1899 issue of Puck, the not-so-cynical Keppler extended his feminization of global power politics to other great nations including a new arrival on the scene: Japan. Source: Houghton Library, Harvard University. Relatively free from European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. was courted for the role. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves. Veneration of Britains treatment of colonies as a positive model attests to the significant shift in the American world view given U.S. origins in relation to the mother country. Blocking its uphill path, the Chinese dragon crawls downhill bearing a Boxer waving a bloody sword and banner reading 400 Million Barbarians. The image puts progress and primitivism on a collision course at the edge of a cliff. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). In the United States, the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white mans burden rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain. I relegated an escort. It evoked both the fact that the bulk of the U.S. force was made up of units from the Midwestern states. TheLifecartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. western leaders perspective on the white man's burden. Europeans had a duty to introduce the benefits of their civilization to non-European peoples is the statement which best expresses the Western perspective regarding Rudyard Kipling's "white The campaign met with fierce resistance and saw the introduction of concentration camps as an extreme maneuver against the Boer defenders. The world view that Rudyard Kipling and other proponents of colonialism believed in was one in which the white man was the guardian and protector of the planet and its people. The artist George Benjamin Luts offered an exceptionally scathing rendering of the linkage of conquest, commerce, and censorship in an 1899 cartoon titled The Way We Get the War News: The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. Published in a short-lived radical periodical,The Verdict, the cartoon shows a war correspondent in chains, writing his story under the direction of military brass. And, After All, the Philippines are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. Emil Flohri,Judge, ca. Japan is introduced in this 1899 cartoon as the lone Asian nation in the imperialist circle of world powers. This ca. Hanna was a wealthy businessman with investments in coal and iron who financed McKinleys 1896 election campaign with record-breaking fundraising that led to the defeat of opponent William Jennings Bryan. (doi:10.1017/S0021875810000046). The divine right of kingshere, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannonis intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. Facebook. England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not. Uncle Sam and President McKinley countered the assault under another American flag on which was inscribed Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness under treaty rights. The cartoon caption reflected Americas self-image as a reluctant civilizer: Is This Imperialism? In this French cartoon from a special issue titled, La Guerre (War), a missionary and a Red Cross representative lament the violent and un-Christian behavior of Westerners overseas. Few new vessels were commissioned until the 1880s when the first battleships were built,U.S.S. Robert L. Gambone in his 2009 book,Life on the Press: The Popular Art and Illustrations of George Benjamin Luks, describes the cartoon as follows: The Way We Get Our War News (The Verdict, August 21, 1899, front cover) excoriates military press censorship, a supremely ironic development given the appeals to freedom used to justify the war. An exclamation point was added to the phrase, The White (!) Imperialism was not only economic and political, but also cultural. Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. Source:William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library. Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. Uneasiness over the idea of using force to govern a country was overcome by tracing the issue of consent back through recent history. No quarter will be given! A chained War Correspondent is forced to rewrite his reports under the direction of Major General Elwell Otis during the Philippine-American War. The following year,Lifecartoonist William H. Walker evoked the horror of the Allied intervention in China in a graphic captioned, Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. A Chinese man falls off his chair, the Bible at his feet, laughing at Uncle Sams duplicity in preaching Christianity while showing a bloody panorama of Allied soldiers executing and marauding on a screen. Mans Burden William H. Walker, cover illustration,Life, March 16, 1899. Postwar industrialization and the introduction of new commodities such as steel and electricity gradually transformed the agrarian nation. The 1901 date indicates that the specific reference is to Allied reprisals against Chinese civilians following the Boxer Uprising. Scorched earth tactics destroyed scores of villages. Warships steam over the horizon of their chests flying banners of great waterways that would ideally open the world to commerceSuez Canal (completed in 1869) and Managua Canal (projected through Nicaragua to link the Caribbean and Pacific oceansan undertaking later transferred to Panama). Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines.TheAsiaPacific Journal, Vol. Violence in the Name of Peace and Civilization. U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. On Chinas side, the Boxers were absorbed into the Qing government forces to fight the invaders. Leonhard, Robert R.The China Relief Expedition: Joint Coalition Warfare in China,Summer 1900(Laurel, MD: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University). 730-735 (2008). America in the China Relief Expedition(Kansas City: Hudson-Kimberly publishing company, 1903). The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called progress., les prisonniers bors ont t runis en de grands enclos o depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth(New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). 32, No. In an 1898 two-page spread inPuck, female symbols of the two nations, Columbia and Britannia, meet as mother and daughter to celebrate their reunion After Many Years. Wearing archaic breastplates and helmets, with trident and sword, these outsized, archetypal crusaders helm modern warships. If you dont do it I shall have to., The First Duty. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. On the magazines cover for August 8, 1900, the familiar feminized and godlike personification of the West points at a slavering dragon, labeled Boxer, crawling over the wall of the capital city. That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. Pucks cover for June 8, 1898, celebrated this new Anglo-Saxon solidarity and sense of mission with an illustration of two resolute soldiers standing with fixed bayonets on a parapet and overlooking the globe. Pucks caricature of Germanys Bible-quoting Kaiser Wilhelm II ready to machine gun foreign non-believers captures the role of Christianity in turn-of-the-century Western imperialism. The archetypal dominance of Civilization over Barbarism is conveyed in a 1902Puckgraphic with the sweeping white figure of Britannia leading British soldiers and colonists in the Boer War. President McKinley at the Conference of Foreign Missions. The fallen man clasps the flag of the Philippine independence movement, inscribed with the words Give Us Liberty. His hat quotes the most famous phrase in the U.S. Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts., Ricard, Serge. This superiority, obviously leads to a moral responsibility of the superior to uplift and civilize the inferior. It ends with a stranger entering the church and delivering a devastating description of the carnage experienced by invaded countries. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. Death to all Schools but Ours. The last marcher holds up Drummers Samples, referring to the traveling salesmen of business and commerce. 3, pp. 23 later, in the sorrows of empire: militarism, secrecy, and the end of the republic (2004), johnson does not perceive Ricard, Serge. Source:Library of Congress. Moral clarity aside, the parallel between America's pursuit of manifest destiny a century ago and its new global sense of mission has a lot to teach us. On February 15, 1898, the battleshipU.S.S. www.globalresearch.ca contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. The wars undertaken in the name of Civilization and Progress were more savage, tortuous, and contradictory than is often recognized. In reality, it was just a cover-up to seek profits in these countries such as seen in the Hawaiian native on top of Uncle Sam's . At the core of the White Mans Burden is a reluctant civilizer who takes up arms for the purpose of relieving grievous wrongs, in the words of President William McKinley. The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, The graphics protesting U.S. actions in the Philippines were particularly biting, as seen in a page satirically titled Lucky Filipinos. Rising from the flames of a burning home, a skeletal apparition represents the hundreds of thousands of Filipinos killed in the U.S. campaign. As the Heathen See Us: Reversing the Gaze. The Boxer Uprising was a godsend for the righteous exponents of a world divided, between the civilized West and barbaric Others. BritanniaDaughter! Published in April 27, 1898, the first cartoon calls the monumental warship The Sphinx of the Period: an unknown quantity in modern warfare. About a month later, a June 1 graphic picks up on the Sphinx metaphor and declares The American Battle-Ship is No Longer an Unknown Quantity. A pugnacious sailor and sweeping U.S. flag have replaced the inscrutable sphinx; guns are smoking, the Spanish fleet lies sunken below. Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.McClures Magazine, February, 1899 (Vol. All this for politicsis civilization advancing? Victor Gillam,Judge, February 3, 1900. When a Chinese coolie strikes a French soldier the result is a public cry of Barbarity! But when a French soldier strikes a coolie, its a necessary blow for civilization. Ren Georges Hermann-Paul,Le Cri de Paris, July 10, 1899. Cartoons endorsing imperialist expansion depicted a beneficent West as father, teacher, even Santa Clausbearing the gifts of progress to benefit poor, backward, and childlike nations destined to become profitable new markets. In an 1895Puckcartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. 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